How do ethical egoism and altruism differ fundamentally?

Ethical egoism and altruism differ fundamentally in their central focus and motivations. Ethical egoism is a normative ethical theory that asserts that individuals should act in their own self-interest, suggesting that it is morally right to prioritize one's own needs and goals above those of others. This ethical stance argues that by pursuing one's own best interests, individuals can ultimately contribute to the overall good, although the primary focus remains on self-gain.

On the other hand, altruism is the ethical view that prioritizes the well-being and interests of others, often at a cost to oneself. Altruistic actions are motivated by a desire to help or benefit others, without a focus on personal gain. The core idea is that individuals should act in ways that promote the welfare of others, sometimes even sacrificing their own interests for the sake of others’ benefits.

This fundamental distinction highlights the opposing nature of these ethical perspectives: ethical egoism advocates for self-centeredness, while altruism emphasizes selflessness and concern for the welfare of others. Understanding this difference is essential for analyzing various ethical dilemmas and theories in ethics.