What are the concepts that are considered a priori?

The concept of a priori knowledge pertains to knowledge that is independent of experience. A priori knowledge is derived from reason and prior understanding rather than empirical evidence. In this context, the correct answer identifies concepts that are foundational to human understanding and cognition, such as space, time, causality, and substance.

Space and time are fundamental frameworks within which we understand the world; they are not learned through experience but rather are seen as inherent constructs of human perception. Causality represents an understanding that events are linked in a cause-and-effect relationship, which is a conceptual tool we use to make sense of the universe. Substance signifies the fundamental qualities of things that exist, which we come to understand through reason rather than empirical observation.

Other answer choices embody concepts that rely more heavily on experiential knowledge or moral virtues that emerge from societal interaction and learning, rather than the intrinsic, logical reasoning found in the a priori concepts of space, time, causality, and substance.