Which ethical theory states that the morality of an action is based on its consequences?

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that posits that the morality of an action is determined by its outcomes or consequences. This theory suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. The principle underlying utilitarianism is the idea of utility, which refers to the net positive effects of an action, typically measured in terms of pleasure or happiness versus pain or suffering.

In contrast to other ethical theories, such as deontology, which focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves (regardless of their consequences), utilitarianism evaluates actions solely based on their results. This consequentialist approach often involves weighing different outcomes to determine the most beneficial course of action.

Additionally, while virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and moral virtues of the individual, and moral egoism prioritizes the self-interest of the individual, utilitarianism remains distinct in its focus on collective well-being as the measure of moral worth. This emphasis on consequences makes utilitarianism particularly relevant in discussions about ethical decision-making in societies where the implications of actions can affect many individuals.