Which philosopher believed in categorical imperatives and that treating humans merely as means is wrong?

Immanuel Kant is the philosopher known for his concept of categorical imperatives, which are fundamental principles that dictate how individuals ought to act universally, regardless of their desires or consequences. According to Kant, moral actions must be performed out of a sense of duty, and humans must be treated as ends in themselves, never merely as means to an end. This principle is rooted in his belief in the intrinsic dignity and worth of each individual, emphasizing respect for people as rational agents capable of making their own choices.

Kant's ethical framework contrasts sharply with utilitarian perspectives, such as those proposed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, who are more focused on the consequences of actions and maximizing overall happiness. John Rawls also diverges from Kant’s specific ideas by focusing on principles of justice and fairness in societal structures rather than individual moral duties. Thus, Immanuel Kant's philosophy provides the foundational argument against the treatment of individuals merely as means to achieve certain outcomes, reinforcing the importance of moral respect and autonomy in ethical considerations.